16. Optional Operating System Services

The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on selected operating systems only. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces but they are available on some other systems as well (e.g. Windows). Here’s an overview:

• 16.1. select — Waiting for I/O completion
  • 16.1.1. Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects
  • 16.1.2. Polling Objects
  • 16.1.3. Kqueue Objects
  • 16.1.4. Kevent Objects
• 16.2. threading — Thread-based parallelism
  • 16.2.1. Thread Objects
  • 16.2.2. Lock Objects
  • 16.2.3. RLock Objects
  • 16.2.4. Condition Objects
    • 16.2.4.1. Usage
    • 16.2.4.2. Interface
  • 16.2.5. Semaphore Objects
    • 16.2.5.1. Semaphore Example
  • 16.2.6. Event Objects
  • 16.2.7. Timer Objects
  • 16.2.8. Barrier Objects
  • 16.2.9. Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
  • 16.2.10. Importing in threaded code
• 16.3. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism
  • 16.3.1. Introduction
    • 16.3.1.1. The Process class
    • 16.3.1.2. Exchanging objects between processes
    • 16.3.1.3. Synchronization between processes
    • 16.3.1.4. Sharing state between processes
    • 16.3.1.5. Using a pool of workers
  • 16.3.2. Reference
    • 16.3.2.1. Process and exceptions
    • 16.3.2.2. Pipes and Queues
    • 16.3.2.3. Miscellaneous
    • 16.3.2.4. Connection Objects
    • 16.3.2.5. Synchronization primitives
    • 16.3.2.6. Shared ctypes Objects
      • 16.3.2.6.1. The multiprocessing.sharedctypes module
    • 16.3.2.7. Managers
      • 16.3.2.7.1. Namespace objects
      • 16.3.2.7.2. Customized managers
      • 16.3.2.7.3. Using a remote manager
    • 16.3.2.8. Proxy Objects
      • 16.3.2.8.1. Cleanup
    • 16.3.2.9. Process Pools
    • 16.3.2.10. Listeners and Clients
      • 16.3.2.10.1. Address Formats
    • 16.3.2.11. Authentication keys
    • 16.3.2.12. Logging
    • 16.3.2.13. The multiprocessing.dummy module
  • 16.3.3. Programming guidelines
    • 16.3.3.1. All platforms
    • 16.3.3.2. Windows
  • 16.3.4. 範例
• 16.4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks
  • 16.4.1. Executor Objects
  • 16.4.2. ThreadPoolExecutor
    • 16.4.2.1. ThreadPoolExecutor Example
  • 16.4.3. ProcessPoolExecutor
    • 16.4.3.1. ProcessPoolExecutor Example
  • 16.4.4. Future Objects
  • 16.4.5. Module Functions
• 16.5. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
• 16.6. readline — GNU readline interface
  • 16.6.1. Example
• 16.7. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
  • 16.7.1. Completer Objects
• 16.8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
• 16.9. _thread — Low-level threading API
• 16.10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module